Asthma
Asthma is a chronic (long-term) condition that affects the airways in the lungs. The airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma, the airways can become inflamed and narrowed at times.
Asthma affects people of all ages and often starts during childhood. You may wheeze, cough, or feel tightness in your chest. These symptoms can range from mild to severe and can happen every day or only once in a while. Certain things can set off or worsen asthma symptoms, such as cold air. These are called asthma triggers. When symptoms get worse, it is called an asthma attack.
Emphysema
Emphysema is a condition that involves damage to the walls of the air sacs (alveoli) of the lung. Alveoli are small, thin-walled, very fragile air sacs located in clusters at the end of the bronchial tubes deep inside the lungs. There are about 300 million alveoli in normal lungs. As you breathe in air, the alveoli stretch, drawing oxygen in and transporting it to the blood. When you exhale, the alveoli shrink, forcing carbon dioxide out of the body.
When emphysema develops, the alveoli and lung tissue are destroyed. With this damage, the alveoli cannot support the bronchial tubes. The tubes collapse and cause an “obstruction” (a blockage), which traps air inside the lungs. Too much air trapped in the lungs can give some patients a barrel-chested appearance. Also, because there are fewer alveoli, less oxygen will be able to move into the bloodstream.
Patients with emphysema who quit smoking can reduce their decline in lung function to match the function of others of the same age, weight, and sex who are nonsmokers.
https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Bronchitis occurs when the bronchioles (air-carrying tubes in the lungs) are inflamed and make too much mucus. There are two basic types of bronchitis:
- Chronic bronchitis is defined as cough productive of sputum that persists for three months out of the year for at least two consecutive years. The cough and inflammation may be caused by initial respiratory infection or illness, exposure to tobacco smoke or other irritating substances in the air. Chronic bronchitis can cause airflow obstruction and then is grouped under the term chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
- Acute or short-term bronchitis is more common and usually is caused by a viral infection. Episodes of acute bronchitis can be related to and made worse by smoking. Acute bronchitis could last for 10 to 14 days, possibly causing symptoms for three weeks.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3993-bronchitis
Tracheal stenosis
Tracheal stenosis refers to abnormal narrowing of the trachea that restricts your ability to breathe normally. The trachea is also commonly known as the “windpipe.” Tracheal stenosis can also be referred to as subglottic stenosis. The subglottis is the narrowest part of the airway and many stenoses (or narrowings) occur at this level of the air passageway.
Causes of Tracheal Stenosis
Most commonly tracheal stenosis is a result of an injury or illness such as:
- Trauma to the throat or chest
- Infections (viral or bacterial), including tuberculosis
- Autoimmune disorders such as sarcoidosis, papillomatosis, granulomatosis and amyloidosis
- Tumors, benign and malignant
- Radiation therapy to the neck or chest
https://www.brighamandwomens.org/surgery/otolaryngology/throat-and-neck/tracheal-stenosis
bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is an obstructive lung disease that results from the presence of chronic inflammatory secretions and microbes leading to the permanent dilation and distortion of airway walls, as well as recurrent infection . It is associated with frequent acute exacerbations, which are an independent predictor of progressive decline in respiratory function and a poorer prognosis
https://www.physio-pedia.com/Bronchiectasis
Heart failure
Heart failure, sometimes known as congestive heart failure, occurs when your heart muscle doesn’t pump blood as well as it should. Certain conditions, such as narrowed arteries in your heart (coronary artery disease) or high blood pressure, gradually leave your heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently.
Not all conditions that lead to heart failure can be reversed, but treatments can improve the signs and symptoms of heart failure and help you live longer. Lifestyle changes — such as exercising, reducing sodium in your diet, managing stress and losing weight — can improve your quality of life.
One way to prevent heart failure is to prevent and control conditions that cause heart failure, such as coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, diabetes or obesity.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-failure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373142
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17069-heart-failure-understanding-heart-failure
Coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease is a narrowing or blockage of your coronary arteries usually caused by the buildup of fatty material called plaque. Coronary artery disease is also called coronary heart disease, ischemic heart disease and heart disease.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16898-coronary-artery-disease
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/anatomyvideos/000037.htm
Atrial fibrillation
atrial fibrillation (AF or AFib) is the most common irregular heart rhythm that starts in the atria. Instead of the SA node (sinus node) directing the electrical rhythm, many different impulses rapidly fire at once, causing a very fast, chaotic rhythm in the atria. Because the electrical impulses are so fast and chaotic, the atria cannot contract and/or squeeze blood effectively into the ventricle.
instead of the impulse traveling in an orderly fashion through the heart, many impulses begin at the same time and spread through the atria, competing for a chance to travel through the AV node. The AV node limits the number of impulses that travel to the ventricles, but many impulses get through in a fast and disorganized manner. The ventricles contract irregularly, leading to a rapid and irregular heartbeat. The rate of impulses in the atria can range from 300 to 600 beats per minute.
When the SA node fires an impulse, electrical activity spreads through the right and left atria, causing them to contract and force blood into the ventricles.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16765-atrial-fibrillation-afib
The different between sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node
SA (sinoatrial) node refers to a small mass of tissue in the right atrium functioning as pacemaker of the heart by giving rise to the electric impulses that initiate heart contractions while AV (atrioventricular) node refers to a small mass of tissue that is situated in the wall of the right atrium and passes impulses received from the SA node to the ventricles.
Nút SA (xoang nhĩ) đề cập đến một khối lượng nhỏ mô trong tâm nhĩ phải hoạt động như máy điều hòa nhịp tim bằng cách tạo ra các xung điện bắt đầu co bóp tim trong khi nút AV (nhĩ thất) đề cập đến một khối lượng nhỏ mô nằm trong thành tâm nhĩ phải và truyền các xung nhận được từ nút SA đến tâm thất.
the main difference between SA node and AV node is that the SA node generates cardiac impulses whereas the AV node relays and intensifies cardiac impulses.
Một nút tạo ra các xung tim trong khi nút AV chuyển tiếp và tăng cường các xung tim.
* Anatomy of the heart
– Oxygen-poor blood enters the heart through the two largest veins in the body – the venae cava.
– The superior vena cava drains blood from the upper portion of the body.
– The inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower part of the body.
– The vena cava bring oxygen-poor blood that has passed through all of the body to the right atrium.
-The right atrium contracts to force blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
– The right ventricle contracts to pump oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery.
– The pulmonary artery then branches to carry oxygen-deficient blood to each lung.
– The blood that enters the lung capillaries from the pulmonary artery soon loses its large quantity of carbon dioxide into the lung tissue, and the carbon dioxide is expelled.
– Oxygen enters the capillaries of the lungs and is brought back to the heart via the pulmonary veins.
– The newly oxygenated blood enters the left atrium of the heart from the pulmonary veins.
– The walls of the left atrium contract to force blood through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
– The left ventricle has the thickest walls of all four heart chambers ( three times the thickness of the right ventricular wall). It must pump blood with great force so that the blood travels through arteries to all parts of the body.
– The left ventricle propels the blood through the aortic valve into the aorta, which branches to carry blood all over the body. The aortic valve closes to prevent return of aortic blood to the left ventricle
Appendicitis
Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, a finger-shaped pouch that projects from your colon on the lower right side of your abdomen.
Appendicitis causes pain in your lower right abdomen. However, in most people, pain begins around the navel and then moves. As inflammation worsens, appendicitis pain typically increases and eventually becomes severe.
Although anyone can develop appendicitis, most often it occurs in people between the ages of 10 and 30. Standard treatment is surgical removal of the appendix.
Appendicitis is almost always treated as an emergency. Surgery to remove the appendix, which is called an appendectomy, is the standard treatment for almost all cases of appendicitis.
Generally, if your doctor suspects that you have appendicitis, they will quickly remove it to avoid a rupture. If you have an abscess, you may get two procedures: one to drain the abscess of pus and fluid, and a later one to take out the appendix. But some research shows that treating acute appendicitis with antibiotics may help you avoid surgery.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/appendicitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369543
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/appendicitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369543
